http://www.digital.lib.esn.ac.lk//handle/1234/17822 Tue, 15 Sep 2026 08:38:23 GMT 2026-09-15T08:38:23Z http://www.digital.lib.esn.ac.lk//handle/1234/17838 11930 இற்குப் பிற்பட்ட ஈழத்து நவீன நாடகங்களில் யதார்த்தவாதத்தினதும் யதார்த்த விரோதத்தினதும் தோற்றக் காரணிகளும் ஆற்றுகை முறைகளும்: தேர்ந்ததடுக்கப்பட்ட நாடகப்பனுவல்களை அடிப்படையாகக்கொண்ட ஆய்வு. Rathitharan, K This study examines the ways in which dramatic texts and their performances after 1930 employed two distinct theatrical tendencies: realism and anti-realism and investigates the factors that influenced their emergence. The research is based on selected dramatic texts as well as several theatrical performances observed by the researcher. The findings indicate that plays produced around themes such as class struggle and ethnic liberation often adopted anti-realistic theatrical forms. Such productions tended to seek immediate and generalized social effects, while also reflecting the influence of communist ideological perspectives. Furthermore, the militarized suppression related to the ethnic conflict created a context that demanded stylized theatrical modes. Furthermore, an examination of the content of the dramatic texts demonstrates how the emergence of the ethnic conflict undermined and ultimately marginalized the growth and influence of communism, which had previously been significant in Sri Lanka. The study also considers how Western literary and theatrical ideas contributed to the emergence of early realistic drama in Eelam. In contrast, the circumstances created by the internal war are examined to understand how they naturally fostered the development of realism in Tamil theatre. Over a period of nearly eighty years, the research questions how and why stylized theatre, realistic theatre, or hybrid forms combining both approaches were employed in practice. Data for the study were gathered through textual analysis of dramatic texts and through the researcher’s experiential observations of selected theatrical performances. The analysis is conducted through theoretical perspectives such as poststructuralism and postcolonial theory, along with the framework of reflection theory, qualitative approach and is supported by narrative and discourse analysis. A key conclusion of this research is that the anti-realistic tradition has been employed as an effective means to generalize social issues and produce urgent social impact. Conversely, when individuals confront the pressures brought about by civil war, distancing themselves from collective representation, a realist theatrical mode tends to emerge. This study will be useful for literary scholars, theatre practitioners, critics, students and teachers in theatre studies, as well as scholars in the fields of politics, culture, philosophy, and psychology. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://www.digital.lib.esn.ac.lk//handle/1234/17838 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.digital.lib.esn.ac.lk//handle/1234/17837 Interest-free Loan as an Alternative to Traditional Credit: Evidence from Agriculture and SME Practitioners among Muslims in the Ampara District Uthumalebbe Abdul Ameer; Premaratne, S.P; Mohamed Thamby Mohamed Mahees This study investigates the use of interest-free loans Qard Hasan (QH) as an alternative to traditional lending among Muslim agricultural and SME populations in the Ampara District of Sri Lanka, a major paddy production region. Many farmers of the region rely on pawning to cover capital shortfalls during farming seasons. Using qualitative method approach, based on primary field survey data and secondary empirical literature, the study discovered that farmers require significant amount of capital each season, with pawning loans providing the majority of the funding gap. A village-based microcredit institution, founded on Islamic social finance basis, has covered approximately 54% of this gap through interest-free loans. Evidence suggests that QH reduces the financial burdens of vulnerable people resulted from interest-based loans while also encouraging trust and cooperation, making it a viable, culturally appropriate financing option for entrepreneurs, particularly in the agriculture and SMEs sectors. The study shows that this methodology could be expanded to other regions to safeguard disadvantaged farmers from predatory lending markets and poverty traps. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://www.digital.lib.esn.ac.lk//handle/1234/17837 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.digital.lib.esn.ac.lk//handle/1234/17836 கிழக்கிலங்கை வதனமார் சடங்கில் பரிவாரத் தெய்வங்கள்: வில்லைக்கட்டுப் பத்ததி முறையினை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டது This study, titled Retinue Deities in the Vathanamar Ritual of Eastern Sri Lanka, aims to identify the pantheon of deities associated with the long-standing tradition of Vathanamar worship in Eastern Sri Lanka. Although these practices are generally referred to as the Vathanamar ritual, Vishnu occupies a prominent position as the principal deity, alongside Lakshmi, Swathi Amman, and several other subsidiary deities. Considering the historical context in which the inhabitants of the Mullai (pastoral) region worshipped Vishnu for the prosperity and protection of their livestock, it is significant that Vishnu remains central to the Vathanamar tradition, which itself narrates heroic acts related to the taming and management of cattle. The Oor-Sutru Kaaviyam (Epic of Village Migration) indicates that the Vathanamar deities arrived in Eelam (Sri Lanka) from India through Trincomalee and subsequently travelled across Batticaloa. The places associated with their journey are believed to have later developed into sacred sites of worship. Vathanamar worship is traditionally performed according to three ritual systems: Villaikattu Paththathi, Velimadai Paththathi and Thulimadai Paththathi. Among these, the Villaikattu Paththathi system is regarded as the most elaborate, involving rituals that extend over several days and require intense devotional participation. The grand sacrificial rituals (Velvi) conducted at the Thampalakamam–Kantale tank reservoir and the Kathiraveli Vathanamar Mother Temple are recognized as major centers where the Villaikattu Paththathi system continues to be practiced in its traditional form. These two locations, which remain important contemporary centers of Vathanamar worship, constitute the geographical scope of this study. The primary objective of this research is to systematically identify the retinue deities worshipped within the rituals conducted at these sites. To achieve this objective descriptive research methodology have been employed, together with a comparative approach to examine location-based variations in ritual practices. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://www.digital.lib.esn.ac.lk//handle/1234/17836 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://www.digital.lib.esn.ac.lk//handle/1234/17835 இருபத்ததோரோம் நூற்றோண்டில் பாரசீக மொழிகளில் எழுதப்பட்ட நாவல்களின் அறபு மொழிபெயர்ப்புகள் ' மஹ்மூத் தௌலத் ஆபாதியின் 'தரீக் அத்தப்ஹ்' என்ற நாவலை மையப்படுத்திய ஒரு விவரணப் பகுப்போய்வு Mohammed Thamby Habeebullah Translation has evolved significantly in the contemporary world, playing a crucial role in anthropology and facilitating the exchange of ideas across languages. It involves converting languages while maintaining their meaning and essence, and is a key component of applied linguistics, taught in Universities. The Arabic and Persian languages, among the oldest in their respective Semitic and IndoEuropean families, have maintained literary ties and translation traditions from ancient times to the present. In recent years, there has been an increase in the translation of Persian novels into Arabic, exemplified by the work 'Tariq Basmal Suthan' by Mahmoud Dawlat Abadi, which was translated into Arabic as 'Tariq al-Tabh' (The Killing Field) by Ahmed Moussa. This novel addresses the tragedies and hardships of the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) and has resonated with Arab readers, both locally and internationally, as a sociological work that emphasizes themes of humanity, peace, and brotherhood. The study of this translation explores the nature and trends of translating the novel from Persian to Arabic, the techniques used, and its impact on Arab readers. Utilizing a descriptive analysis method and secondary data, the researcher gathered opinions from Arab readers through various media to assess the novel's influence. Findings reveal significant similarities between Persian and Arabic in phonology, vocabulary, grammar, and literature, as well as parallels in translation quality and trends. The translated novel has notably influenced Arab-Persian societies, promoting unity, coexistence, and mutual understanding. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://www.digital.lib.esn.ac.lk//handle/1234/17835 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z